Xam Guide Notes

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

MGNREGA State Performance

Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan show superior implementation
Program efficiency reaches 97% in better-performing states
Civil society organizations, NGOs and political representatives improve implementation

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Dadabhai Naoroji Exposes British Wealth

Dadabhai Naoroji identifies Home Charges as major source of wealth drain
He demonstrates systematic transfer of Indian wealth to Britain
His analysis reveals multiple channels of resource extraction
His work exposes economic impact of colonial administration

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Front Side

Early Phase (1857-1885):

First War of Independence (1857)
Formation of Indian National Congress (1885)
Early leaders: Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee
Key demands: Economic reforms, administrative representation

Moderate Phase (1885-1905):

Leadership: Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta
Methods: Petitions, prayers, meetings
Focus: Constitutional reforms, civil rights
Notable achievements: Indian Councils Act of 1892

Back Side

BACK CONTEN Early Phase (1857-1885):

First War of Independence (1857)
Formation of Indian National Congress (1885)
Early leaders: Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee
Key demands: Economic reforms, administrative representation

Moderate Phase (1885-1905):

Leadership: Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Pherozeshah Mehta
Methods: Petitions, prayers, meetings
Focus: Constitutional reforms, civil rights
Notable achievements: Indian Councils Act of 1892

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Front Side

Aims of indian national congres.

Back Side

To found a democratic, nationalist movement
To politicize and politically educate people
To establish headquarters for a movement
To promote friendly relations among nationalist political workers from different parts of the country
To develop and propagate an anti-colonial nationalist ideology
To formulate and present popular demands before the government to unify people over common economic and political programs
To develop and consolidate national unity among people irrespective of religion, caste, or province
To carefully promote and nurture Indian nationhood

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Home Charges Drain British Wealth from India

Home Charges represent systematic wealth transfer from India to England
Company shareholders receive regular incentive payments from Indian revenues
European officials, traders and planters transfer their earnings to England
Civil and military pensioners receive payments in England after retirement
India Office staff in London draw salaries from Indian funds
War expenses and loan interests for railways drain Indian resources

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British East India Company Expands Control

Company assumed power without responsibility in India
Subsidiary Alliance and Doctrine of Lapse brought more territories under British control
Company established direct administrative control over conquered regions

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Dadabhai Naoroji Exposes British Wealth Drain

Dadabhai Naoroji identifies Home Charges as major source of wealth drain
He demonstrates systematic transfer of Indian wealth to Britain
His analysis reveals multiple channels of resource extraction
His work exposes economic impact of colonial administration

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Naoroji Exposes British Economic Exploitation

Dadabhai Naoroji analyzed systematic drain of Indian wealth
Company policies caused severe economic exploitation
Wealth transfer from India to Britain documented systematically

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

R.C. Dutt Calculates Victoria-Era Wealth Drain

During Queen Victoria's final decade (1891-1901):
India's total income was 647 million pounds
159 million pounds drained to England
Wealth drain represented 44% of India's total income

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Dadabhai Naoroji Exposes British Wealth Drain

Naoroji criticized systematic drain of Indian wealth to England
He argued India's economic progress was stunted by wealth transfer
Naoroji compared British exploitation to Mahmud Ghazni's limited raids
British economic exploitation continued without end unlike previous invaders

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Loans Burden India's Economy (1837-1908)

India's loan to England rose from 130 million pounds in 1837 to 220 million pounds
18% of loans funded British wars against Afghanistan and Burma
Railways debt reached 177.5 million pounds by 1908
British guaranteed 5% interest to English private enterprises in sterling

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Technology Enhances Colonial Control

Railways and telegraph systems established across India
New infrastructure enabled tighter British control over population
Communication networks strengthened colonial administration

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Policies Trigger Migration Crisis

Company's exploitative policies led to devastating famines
Economic hardship forced peasants and artisans to migrate
Indians moved as indentured laborers to other British colonies

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Implement New Land Systems

Zamindari system introduced permanent land settlement in Bengal
Ryotwari System implemented in Madras Presidency
New land revenue systems transformed traditional agricultural relationships

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Establish Administrative Framework

Company introduced new civil administration structure
Judicial system reorganized under British legal framework
Governor Generals implemented social and educational reforms

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Naoroji Analyzes British Economic Exploitation

Dadabhai Naoroji explains British rule's unique exploitation in his book Poverty and Un-British Rule in India
Earlier invaders plundered India but allowed economic recovery after their departure
Previous foreign rulers who settled in India did not cause continuous drain of wealth
British rule creates perpetual economic wounds through systematic wealth extraction
British use sophisticated methods to drain India's wealth while masking exploitation behind claims of civilization

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Laissez-Faire Policies Worsen Famines

Colonial state followed non-intervention policy in trade since 1833
Government applied laissez-faire principles to famine relief
Western-educated Indians argued British policies impoverished India
Orissa famine killed one-third of region's population
Dadabhai Naoroji initiated research on Indian poverty after Orissa famine

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Canal Irrigation Creates Environmental Problems

Canal water caused soil salinity in irrigated regions
Irrigation led to water logging in agricultural lands
Canal systems created severe ecological distress in affected areas

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Colonial Forest Laws Impact Modern India

Colonial forest legislation continues to influence present-day forest management
Legacy of restrictive British forest policies affects contemporary tribal rights

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Revenue System Destroys Indian Forests

Land revenue formed the core of British India's fiscal system
British government converted forests into cultivable land to increase revenue
Jungle Mahal forests were transformed into zamins and auctioned for cultivation
Santhals, the original forest inhabitants, were forcibly evicted from their lands
Santhals became the first tribal group to resist British rule due to eviction

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

William Bentinck Compares Muslim and British Rule

William Bentinck acknowledges Muslim rulers' superior governance approach
Muslim rulers settled, intermarried and integrated with local population
Muslim administration granted equal privileges to conquered people
British rule remained cold, selfish and unfeeling towards Indian subjects

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Colonial State Exploits Indian Forests

British authorities extract sal timber from Jungle Mahals of West Bengal and Bihar
Timber exports to England increase for railway construction
Colonial exploitation disproves myth of inexhaustible Indian forests

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Ceylon Requests Indian Labor from British Madras

Ceylon's Governor requests workers for coffee plantations in 1815
Madras Governor forwards request to Thanjavur Collector
Thanjavur Collector reports locals are deeply attached to their land
Initial recruitment efforts fail without additional incentives

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Famines Force Migration to Ceylon Plantations

Two major famines strike in 1833 and 1843
Famines compel people to leave native land without government pressure
Workers migrate as indentured laborers to Ceylon's coffee and tea plantations
1.5 million people migrate from Madras to Ceylon between 1843-1868

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

European Enterprises Exploit Hill Forests

British promoted slope cultivation in hilly and mountainous regions
European companies received forest land at minimal prices for slope farming
Zamindars and Indian rulers cleared forests for plantation experiments
Failed coffee plantation attempts led to destruction of virgin forests

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Colonial Budget Priorities Harm India

Military and civil administration consumed 80% of colonial budget
Only 20% remained for development departments
Agriculture sector suffered from severe neglect
Irrigation development received minimal attention

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Policies Deindustrialize Indian Economy

India loses position as world's leading textile exporter
Lancashire cotton mills convert India into an import market
Machine-made British goods flood Indian markets at lower costs
Indian handmade textiles decline due to cheaper factory production

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Colonial Drain Differs From Previous Invasions

Previous invaders caused temporary economic damage through direct plundering
India's industrial capacity helped recover from earlier invasion damages
British create permanent economic drain through systematic policies
Public debt from British wars creates ongoing financial burden on India
British mask economic exploitation behind claims of bringing progress and civilization

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Trade Policies Destroy Indian Industry

East India Company allows unrestricted British imports into India
British goods enter India without import duties, making them cheaper
High protective duties block Indian goods from entering British markets
Indian weavers and traders face economic ruin due to unfair competition
Unemployed weavers are forced to shift to agriculture for survival
Migration to farming increases pressure on limited agricultural land

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Rule Intensifies Indian Famines

Famines increased dramatically under British rule
Only 4 famines occurred between 1800-1825
22 famines struck in the last quarter of 19th century
Over 5 million people died in these famines
R.C. Dutt documented 10 major famines after 1860s with 15 million deaths

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Madras Presidency Suffers Devastating Famine

Two consecutive monsoon failures caused severe famine in 1876-78
Viceroy Lytton maintained non-intervention approach
3.5 million people perished in Madras Presidency
Government followed same passive policy as Orissa famine

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Plantations Create Indentured Labor System

Plantation crops in British colonies required massive workforce after slavery abolition
Indentured labor system emerged in 1843 as five-year work contracts with return passage
System operated in Ceylon, Mauritius, Fiji, Malaya, Caribbean, Natal and South Africa
Poor peasants and weavers signed up hoping to earn money but faced slave-like conditions

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Railway Construction Depletes Indian Timber

Railway construction drove massive exploitation of forest timber
One million sleepers were required annually for railway tracks in 1870s
Sal, deodar, and teak trees were preferred for their superior strength
These three timber species faced intensive exploitation for railways

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Ryotwari System Fails Small Peasants

Ryotwari system aimed to create independent peasants free from zamindars
System backfired by strengthening big landlords instead of helping peasants
British government ignored protection of tenant rights in ryotwari regions
Land revenue became primary focus due to its importance as income source

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Agents Exploit Indian Laborers

Kanganis (recruitment agents) tricked and kidnapped landless laborers
First group of 150 indentured laborers taken from Thanjavur to Ceylon in 1828
All laborers in initial group deserted the coffee plantations
British introduced criminal laws in 1830s to prevent worker desertion

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Torture Commission Exposes Revenue Collection Brutality

Torture Commission of 1855 investigated Madras Presidency
Commission revealed brutal methods used by officials to collect land tax
Torture Act permitted forceful collection of land revenue
British abolished Torture Act only after 1858 transfer of power

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Government Establishes Forest Controls

Forest Department created to manage forest resources
Indian Forest Act of 1865 restricts indigenous groups' forest access
Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 enacted to suppress tribal resistance
Tribal communities launch frequent rebellions against colonial forest policies

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

Indian Laborers Accept Indenture to Escape Famine

Desperate Indians chose indentured labor to avoid starvation
System became new form of slavery despite promised benefits
Colonial government enabled exploitation through legal framework
Poverty and famine pushed Indians into accepting harsh labor contracts

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Government Rejects Arthur Cotton's Irrigation Plan

Arthur Cotton advocates prioritizing irrigation over railways
Imperial government dismisses Cotton's irrigation proposal
Repeated famines strike in late 19th century
Famine crisis finally forces British Crown to begin dam construction

IN

Indian National MovementAdvent of the Europeans

British Industrial Revolution Transforms Indo-European Trade

Eastern trade dominance supplied Europe with spices, silks, and jewels
Traditional trade balance favored Eastern exports over Western goods
Industrial Revolution in England reversed centuries-old trade patterns
Machine-made British goods replaced Indian exports in global markets

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MGNREGA State Performance

Dadabhai Naoroji Exposes British Wealth

Front Side

Back Side

Front Side

Back Side

Home Charges Drain British Wealth from India

British East India Company Expands Control

Dadabhai Naoroji Exposes British Wealth Drain

Naoroji Exposes British Economic Exploitation

R.C. Dutt Calculates Victoria-Era Wealth Drain

Dadabhai Naoroji Exposes British Wealth Drain

British Loans Burden India's Economy (1837-1908)

British Technology Enhances Colonial Control

British Policies Trigger Migration Crisis

British Implement New Land Systems

British Establish Administrative Framework

Naoroji Analyzes British Economic Exploitation

British Laissez-Faire Policies Worsen Famines

Canal Irrigation Creates Environmental Problems

Colonial Forest Laws Impact Modern India

British Revenue System Destroys Indian Forests

William Bentinck Compares Muslim and British Rule

British Colonial State Exploits Indian Forests

Ceylon Requests Indian Labor from British Madras

Famines Force Migration to Ceylon Plantations

European Enterprises Exploit Hill Forests

British Colonial Budget Priorities Harm India

British Policies Deindustrialize Indian Economy

British Colonial Drain Differs From Previous Invasions

British Trade Policies Destroy Indian Industry

British Rule Intensifies Indian Famines

Madras Presidency Suffers Devastating Famine

British Plantations Create Indentured Labor System

Railway Construction Depletes Indian Timber

British Ryotwari System Fails Small Peasants

British Agents Exploit Indian Laborers

British Torture Commission Exposes Revenue Collection Brutality

British Government Establishes Forest Controls

Indian Laborers Accept Indenture to Escape Famine

British Government Rejects Arthur Cotton's Irrigation Plan

British Industrial Revolution Transforms Indo-European Trade